Namibia’s arid climate makes it highly susceptible to severe weather shocks. The prolonged drought in 2023–24 caused a sharp decline in crop yields and exacerbated food insecurity. This paper ...

With high unemployment, especially among the youth, Namibia lags behind the SSA region on labor market outcomes. Between 2012 and 2018, there was a structural shift in the economy from agriculture to ...

We present new evidence on the impact of fiscal variables on long-term interest rates and term premia in the United States. To alleviate endogeneity problems, we follow the seminal methodology by ...

A Concluding Statement describes the preliminary findings of IMF staff at the end of an official staff visit (or ‘mission’), in most cases to a member country. Missions are undertaken as part of ...

The Executive Board of the International Monetary Fund (IMF) concluded the 2025 discussions on common euro area policies with member countries. This year, the consultation also included a discussion o ...

Kiribati faces significant development challenges due to its remoteness, limited landmass, and high exposure to climate-related shocks. The government has expanded social benefits and is pursuing an ...

The Executive Board of the International Monetary Fund (IMF) concluded the Article IV consultation with Iraq and considered and endorsed the staff appraisal without a meeting on a lapse-of-time basis ...

On July 9, 2025, the Executive Board of the International Monetary Fund (IMF) concluded the Article IV consultation with Kiribati, and considered and endorsed the staff appraisal without a meeting.

The Executive Board of the International Monetary Fund (IMF) today completed the third review of Somalia’s economic reform program supported by the Extended Credit Facility (ECF) arrangement ...

The Executive Board of the International Monetary Fund (IMF) today completed the fourth review of the US$3 billion, 36-month Extended Credit Facility (ECF) Arrangement, which was approved by the Board ...

Africa has made remarkable strides across many development metrics, significantly improving life expectancy, literacy, health, and education. With its population set to double to around 2 billion by ...

The paper benchmarks Ireland’s public spending efficiency to peer countries in infrastructure, health, and education using a variety of indicators and maps the efficiency frontiers in these sectors ...